*COMMERCE OBJ*
1-10: BCDADDCBAB
11-20: BABBDACDBA
21-30: CCDBCADBCA
31-40: DDABBBCABC
41-50: ABCB-BAAAC
1a)
Pipeline transport is the mode of transportation of goods or material through a pipe.
1b)
1..High Speed:
2..Minimum Cost:
3..Easy transport of costly and light goods:
4...Free from physical barriers:
5..Useful in natural calamities:
1c)
1..Perishable goods need speedy movement and shorter route of distribution. For durable and standardized goods, longer and diversified channel may be necessary. Whereas, for custom made product, direct distribution to consumer or industrial user may be desirable.
2..Middlemen who can provide wanted marketing services will be given first preference.
3..Size and average frequency of customer’s orders also influence the channel decision. In the sale of food products, we need both wholesaler and retailer.
4..The company’s size determines the size of the market, the size of its larger accounts and its ability to set middlemen’s co-operation. A large company may have shorter channel.
*NIGERIA*
2a)
i) The Memorandum of Association and articles of association are the two charter documents, for setting up of the company and its operations thereon. ‘Memorandum of Association‘ abbreviated as MOA, is the root document of the company, which contains all the basic details about the company.
*WHILE*
"Articles of Association" shortly known as AOA, is a document containing all the rules and regulations designed by the company.
ii) The Memorandum of Association sets out the company’s constitution, and so it is the cornerstone on which the company is built.
*WHILE*
Articles of Association comprises of bye-laws that govern the company’s internal affairs, management, and conduct.
2b)
*Advantages*
i) Raising capital through public issue of shares
ii) Widening the shareholder base and spreading risk
iii) Growth and expansion opportunities
iv) Transferability of shares
v) Exit Strategy
*Disadvantages*
i) More regulatory requirements
ii) Higher levels of transparency required
iii) Ownership and control issues
iv) More vulnerable to takeovers
v)Initial financial commitment is higher
2a)
i)Memorandum of Association is subsidiary to the Companies Act, whereas Articles of Association is subsidiary to both Memorandum of Association as well as the Act.
ii)Memorandum of Association contains the information about the powers and objects of the company. Conversely, Articles of Association contain the information about the rules and regulations of the company
2b
Advantages
1 Raising capital through public issue of shares
2 Widening the shareholder base and spreading risk
3 Growth and expansion opportunities
4 Transferability of shares
5 Exit Strategy
Disadvantages
1 More regulatory requirements
2 Higher levels of transparency required
3 Ownership and control issues
4 More vulnerable to takeovers
5 Initial financial commitment is higher
4a)
i)By performance of the parties i.e. each party completing his obligations as stipulated by the
contract.
ii)By frustration i.e. an event through no fault of
the parties that make one party unable to perform the contract. For example:if one party
suffers a prolonged illness which makes him unable to perform the contract.
iii)By lapse of time i.e. if the time limit set for the contract to be executed by both parties has been passed. For example, sellers of real estate usually require that the buyers pay the full balance on the property within a certain time period after the initial down payment has been made.
iv)By changes in law i.e. where a legal contract is rendered illegal through changes in law.
4b)
i)act on behalf of and be subject to the control of the principal
ii)act within the scope of authority or power delegated by the principal
iii)discharge his or her duties with appropriate care and diligence
iv)avoid conflict between his or her personal interests and those of the principal
v)promptly hand over to the principal all monies collected on principal's behalf.
vi)agent owes a duty to the principal to act in the pri
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